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the ancient places of worship in Liguria 7

Monte Beverone, the Hall of the Val di Vara

Leaving behind the small chapel of the Olive, the trail climbs to the village of Rocchetta Vara, through which it passes to move towards Zignago. If, instead, turn right just before the country, you can take the steep trail that leads to uncomfortable Beverone.

This name designates a massive rocky height of 706 meters above sea level overlooking the Val di Vara and beyond, from Passo del Bracco to Bocca di Magra, and the small village built near it, on the north side. The village consists of twenty whitewashed stone houses, wine-colored shades of a particular hard to find elsewhere and that all have the appearance of being left exactly as he saw them in 1933, the "Wanderer", the scholar Carlo Caselli, who left "to trot 's donkey "to visit the villages of Lunigiana unknown.

In fact, at that time, the country was considered Beverone Lunigiana, so that, as the dictionary tells us Historical Physical Geography of Tuscany, in 1839 was still under the jurisdiction of Aulla.

This tiny village, seemingly devoid of historical interest, in fact hides an important past, revealed in part already in that dictionary that defines the first "Village with a castle and church" and then "castle church".

On the mountain top, in fact, where the grassy spot shrinks to make room for bare rock, stands the church of St. John the Beheaded, from the churchyard where you can enjoy one of the best views of the eastern Liguria. Beyond the low wall that borders the open space, the mountain drops steeply to the valley in a picturesque cliff strewn with sharp rocks and adorned here and there, to be brave Mediterranean shrubs. The wind blows constantly on the summit and, as evidenced by the oral memory, during the time it is targeted by numerous arrows which discharge their electric fury on rock unarmed. This finding is interesting

as it is known that natural phenomena just as special lightning, thunder, etc.. were the object of fear veneration by the ancient Ligurian and, in some areas, traces of toponymic similar cults.

In any case, a peak must have been so exceptionally popular since prehistoric times, if only for its extreme strategic importance as a "lookout." In fact, recently there was talk of a castle, although those expecting a pretty strong medieval towers and crowned with battlements will probably be disappointed.

Castle, or what's left of it, in fact, constitutes an irregular basis on which it was built, probably before the year thousand, just the church St. John's, which is publicized by the local tourism as one of the oldest in all of Liguria.

Considering this information, we can deduce that the "castle" that was mentioned was, in fact, a castrum Romans built perhaps as a lookout point in a very functional purpose. In fact, if you look well the parish church and the asymmetric shape of the profile over the squat steeple are removed immediately think of a fortress than a religious building.

to the base of the tower / tower, as reported by Caselli, it was the custom old (committed to the early years of the 900) to lay the dead, "without cash and free of all earthly things, "in two deep holes, one for men and one for women, as had been feared that the bodies could commit carnal sins.

These holes, covered in sheets of antiquity only ' slate is now walled in, certainly would provide, in the case of archaeological excavations, great clues about the history and use of the site would be a first sample for the study of funerary practice of which still little is known.

addition to reporting this disturbing tradition the Caselli informs us that he noticed, not far from the parish, "clear evidence of ancient huts, perhaps abandoned before the millennium, when the church was built, one of the most oldest in the region. "

Observing Caselli is extremely important to strengthen the hypothesis of a prehistoric settlement on the summit of Beverone and the word" castle "used in the Dictionary Repetti can only suggest also a prehistoric fort that, for strategic importance, would succeed him on the allocation castrense Romanesque, later converted into a church.

If these considerations add to the unusual practice of burial in pits at the foot of the tower / tower above a peak closely related to the phenomenon of atmospheric lightning, it is clear that we are not doing random guessing and daring. In addition, an interesting local oral tradition says that the village of Beverone was, once on the summit of the mountain, near the church. Subsequently, following a disaster, the village would slipped further downstream, stopping where we find him now.

think we can say without exaggeration that this brief is the legend "litmus test" our hypothesis and is, for the natives, an unconscious awareness of its past.

In addition to confirming our assumptions, the brief legend gives us an important clue to the summit of the settlement on grounds of abandonment. The "catastrophe" of which you speak, Indeed, perhaps linked to the frequent lightning that strike the mountain, may have wiped out the village in ancient times and, probably, have caused the population to move lower, more sheltered side of Beverone in order to avoid further disasters. After all, is what has happened, albeit in different terms, in the seventh and eighth centuries, all along the Ligurian coast: after the passage of the hordes of Rotari, the survivors of the massacre they moved slowly toward the coast, where they thought to be more New safe from barbarian invasions.

is quite plausible, then, that the summit of Mount Beverone has hosted, in prehistoric times, a settlement with castellaro (and, perhaps, cemeteries), which, several centuries after the abandonment, has been employed by the Roman army and turned into a military garrison. Following the abandonment of the site, even by Latin, the nascent Christianity would become a place of faith, exorcising what was first though, perhaps, not forsaking the burial in mass graves, probably ancient custom.

In addition, consider that Beverone located near the ancient path, descending from the Pass of Casoni, heads toward the Gulf of La Spezia and then crossing firstly Stadomelli Beverley.

This last resort seems very tied to Beverone, so that, originally, both were called by the name Beverley, who was descended from the Latin verb bibere , which usually indicates a watering place for livestock or by BEDUM / bevum , frequent hydronyms root meaning "abundance of water."

Of course the water must have been the cause of homonymy between the two settlements, because if Beverley is located in the vicinity of Vara, in a little valley full of springs, Beverone, balding on top of its mountain and rather dry, probably has never seen a real abundance of water.

may be that the two villages were linked by a common origin, being one of the other foot, perhaps as a town and religious center and / or funeral in the same community that he would, therefore, attended both. In

About Beverley, recently
Prof. Enrico Calzolari, known supporter of archaeoastronomy Ligurian and author of major discoveries in this field, studied the solar arrays of single windows at the base of early Christian chapel of St. Cyprian of Beverley, in comparison to those of the site of San Lorenzo al archaeoastronomical Caprione, unfortunately without drawing results.

The three lancet windows, oriented north / west / south, have degrees of orientation than those at San Lorenzo and frame Caprione solar azimuth different. However, though perhaps there are links between St. Cyprian and Beverone, the lancet oriented north, the only one that does not correspond to a solar azimuth, is oriented towards the mountain exactly Beverone, a difference of just over 10 " distributed over four kilometers as the crow flies.

What

San Cipriano at Beverley and Mt Beverone were somehow connected to each other? that there was some function, perhaps religious, which connects the two sites? Perhaps a study of the church archaeoastronomical St. John's Beverone answer this question. As for San Cipriano, however, further studies are impossible because of the buildings that were, in time, around the chapel, which does not allow single windows to frame the sun is not high on the horizon when it is already. Perhaps

Mount Olympus Beverone is the Val di Vara, a place "unattainable" in which ancient people placed their gods, where men strong and tenacious established their residence in an inaccessible place, often suppressed by low clouds and targeted by flashes constantly whipped by the winds. Perhaps these men were gods themselves, in a golden age in which the human race was more powerful and perhaps more inclined to happiness.

Beverone, The parish church of St John the Beheaded

The average Vara Valley view from Mount Beverone

Monte Beverone - plain old summit

Beverone - the steep path to the church

Mount & Blade Artwork

ancient places of worship in Liguria 6

On the way to Beverone: Our Lady of the Olive

The ancient mule track, departing from the alluvial plain of Brugnato, climbs steeply up the mountain Beverone "roof" of the middle and lower Val di Vara, was a safe route of importance in the past. It was, in fact, the fastest route linking the territory of Zignago and the junction, probably located at the bed of the Vara, which allowed to choose whether to continue south to the sea or turn on the road in the direction of the Lunigiana romea or Genoa. This already when still Brugnato there and the river had filled the valley of debris until it becomes a fertile plain that we know today.

Just two miles from Brugnato on this ancient route, now fallen into disuse, there is a small shrine, the story is built by the monks of the nearby monastery of St. Columba to officiate at functions during the restoration of their church.

This is the "Madonna of the Olive," oratory of stone plastered with a single nave, with no frills or decorations worthy of note. Again, the legend says that a square wood depicting the Madonna and child was found in the branches of an olive tree, and since the events considered miraculous, had been built the chapel.

addition to the usual formula of the story which appeared in this case, we have only the nucleus, we find that the sanctuary is located, as all the others described above, near a line of communication important, so is the highly likely that it was a sacred place to the Gentiles, which was converted .

In fact, the story of the monks who build in place of their oratory, closed for renovation, is not very credible. The convent, in fact, as close, however, is four kilometers away, on the other side of the valley and it is highly unlikely that the monks have chosen a site is not easy to reach either for construction or for attendance.

is more likely, however, that Our Lady of the Olive has been erected on the place where travelers Gentiles, who followed the road to Zignago, stopping to worship an idol or agricultural nature, perhaps linked precisely to the olive (as Shrine of the Rover), like a majestic contemporary, in a particularly difficult path, protecting the pilgrims and encourages him to continue.

The olive tree is one of many pre-Christian symbol that Christianity has made and its not surprising that the Virgin just choose this tree for her appearance.

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Ancient places of worship in Liguria 5

Cassana: castellaro, church and caves

Cassana's territory, on which are spread among eight villages, named after the homonymous river, which flows from Mount Bardellone, a few meters below the pass and winds in a valley deep and green, to its confluence with the Rio Redarena which then flows into the Vara.

On top of a mountain in the middle of the ancient path Levanto / Borghetto Vara which we have already spoken, is the core of the country, consisting of Corneto fractions, The Meadow, The Street and Church. This last fraction arouses our interest, because if the village have developed only in the tenth century, the Church has a more ancient origin, can be placed in the last phase of Roman (III / V century).

The present parish church of San Michele, which gives its name to the locality, in fact, was built in the sixteenth century on the basis of an earlier Romanesque building defensive. What is now the bell tower was once the quadrangular tower of the fortification walls and the imposing walls of the ancient church were likely to defend a military settlement relatively stable.

In fact, the position of the fortress is relevant to a military control of territory and the road network, because it is dominating the main road from the sea to the mountains above, in addition to the mule of the surrounding valleys, including the director of EO, from the Gulf of La Spezia to Genoa.

However, the castrum Romania is not the first settlement in the area. In the north-west of the village of Corneto, in fact, is the mountain Castellaro along a mule track that leads to the mouth of Bardellone. The name "Castellaro, as noted earlier, is almost always synonymous with a prehistoric settlement fort, whose remains were actually found on this summit.

They are major terraced stone walls, similar to those found in many other sites of the same type. This prehistoric castellaro controlled, most likely, the old path near which rises, as it did the Roman forts at different times.

Human settlement in this valley is certainly very ancient, intricate system of karst formations that characterize the valley, some scholars have suggested, so far without evidence, attendance of a 'homo neanderthalensis .

Just close the mouth of one of these cavities, called "Resciadora" (vent), located on the side of the road to Pignone, could be linked to an ancient nature worship. This anomalous

karst phenomenon occurs, in fact, like a narrow tunnel with two openings: one posed above, in the undergrowth, is a dangerous sinkhole about three feet in diameter, while those at street level is a singular rock crevice from which According to legend, a cold wind blows in summer and in winter, water flows clear and cold. The cold wind would come even from the sea, pulling in coastal opening, it would be channeled to flow from karst caves in Cassana.

Indeed, a quick inspection, one realizes how the law is, again, closer to reality. The air breather incessant blows, in fact, is very cold even in August and the trickle of pure water that flows appear to increase the flow in the rainy seasons. The Resciadora also is part of the underground cave Ossifera, where natural cavities in 1824, Professor Paul Elders of Pisa unearthed large quantities of bones of various animal species.

On this site many legends that haunt the house you see evil and devils, instead of those evil processions of light that are so frequent in the oral tradition of Liguria.

In fact, it is possible to envisage attending a sacred site just starting with these little legends.

Fairies and devils, in fact, as beings of 'another world , are in close contact with the dead and their function in the traditional fable, it is precisely that of intermediaries between two worlds. In addition, the procession of lights which was mentioned first is a demonstration that the dead, in fact, put in place in the realm of the living. In all the stories that bring these processions, also called "Menada", they are always in close contact with the afterlife. Participants in this blasphemous rituals are often described as ghosts, dead, dead men's bones, flames (ie wisps), or witches. The witches in European popular culture, they are surely the remnant of an ancient imagery, which refers to characters powers with "magic" type of shamanic and, therefore, also related to the world of the dead (1).

The fact that the legends around the flowering Resciadora, then, are all centered on mythical figures who have always something to do with the world of the dead, can only suggest the possibility that this place so charming, that joins two Leitmotive sacredness of prehistoric cave and the spring, had somehow to do with funeral practices. The cave, in fact, is the significant burial place of choice for ancient Ligurian people, as we show, for example, the burial sites of the Balzi Rossi (IM), Arene Candide (SV), Equi Terme (MS) and so on.

This could also justify the obvious intent of the legends exhortation not to get too close to a populated place to be evil and supernatural, as the unconscious memory of a site may be important for the pagan religion, considered "wicked" and therefore forbidden to Christians .

This is just a guess, sure, but maybe not so far from reality. The clues are there.

Also, do not forget that the name "Cassana", as mentioned above, probably derives from the Celtic word cassanus , pointing to the oak tree sacred to the Celtic / Liguria and, perhaps, this valley was located in a forest consecrated, so the generic term would be become, little by little, a place name.

Notes:

(1) Carlo Ginzburg, History night, Torino, Einaudi, 1995

Trail Bardellone-Cassana: medieval bridge

Cassana, inside the cave Resciadora