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the ancient places of worship in Liguria 7

Monte Beverone, the Hall of the Val di Vara

Leaving behind the small chapel of the Olive, the trail climbs to the village of Rocchetta Vara, through which it passes to move towards Zignago. If, instead, turn right just before the country, you can take the steep trail that leads to uncomfortable Beverone.

This name designates a massive rocky height of 706 meters above sea level overlooking the Val di Vara and beyond, from Passo del Bracco to Bocca di Magra, and the small village built near it, on the north side. The village consists of twenty whitewashed stone houses, wine-colored shades of a particular hard to find elsewhere and that all have the appearance of being left exactly as he saw them in 1933, the "Wanderer", the scholar Carlo Caselli, who left "to trot 's donkey "to visit the villages of Lunigiana unknown.

In fact, at that time, the country was considered Beverone Lunigiana, so that, as the dictionary tells us Historical Physical Geography of Tuscany, in 1839 was still under the jurisdiction of Aulla.

This tiny village, seemingly devoid of historical interest, in fact hides an important past, revealed in part already in that dictionary that defines the first "Village with a castle and church" and then "castle church".

On the mountain top, in fact, where the grassy spot shrinks to make room for bare rock, stands the church of St. John the Beheaded, from the churchyard where you can enjoy one of the best views of the eastern Liguria. Beyond the low wall that borders the open space, the mountain drops steeply to the valley in a picturesque cliff strewn with sharp rocks and adorned here and there, to be brave Mediterranean shrubs. The wind blows constantly on the summit and, as evidenced by the oral memory, during the time it is targeted by numerous arrows which discharge their electric fury on rock unarmed. This finding is interesting

as it is known that natural phenomena just as special lightning, thunder, etc.. were the object of fear veneration by the ancient Ligurian and, in some areas, traces of toponymic similar cults.

In any case, a peak must have been so exceptionally popular since prehistoric times, if only for its extreme strategic importance as a "lookout." In fact, recently there was talk of a castle, although those expecting a pretty strong medieval towers and crowned with battlements will probably be disappointed.

Castle, or what's left of it, in fact, constitutes an irregular basis on which it was built, probably before the year thousand, just the church St. John's, which is publicized by the local tourism as one of the oldest in all of Liguria.

Considering this information, we can deduce that the "castle" that was mentioned was, in fact, a castrum Romans built perhaps as a lookout point in a very functional purpose. In fact, if you look well the parish church and the asymmetric shape of the profile over the squat steeple are removed immediately think of a fortress than a religious building.

to the base of the tower / tower, as reported by Caselli, it was the custom old (committed to the early years of the 900) to lay the dead, "without cash and free of all earthly things, "in two deep holes, one for men and one for women, as had been feared that the bodies could commit carnal sins.

These holes, covered in sheets of antiquity only ' slate is now walled in, certainly would provide, in the case of archaeological excavations, great clues about the history and use of the site would be a first sample for the study of funerary practice of which still little is known.

addition to reporting this disturbing tradition the Caselli informs us that he noticed, not far from the parish, "clear evidence of ancient huts, perhaps abandoned before the millennium, when the church was built, one of the most oldest in the region. "

Observing Caselli is extremely important to strengthen the hypothesis of a prehistoric settlement on the summit of Beverone and the word" castle "used in the Dictionary Repetti can only suggest also a prehistoric fort that, for strategic importance, would succeed him on the allocation castrense Romanesque, later converted into a church.

If these considerations add to the unusual practice of burial in pits at the foot of the tower / tower above a peak closely related to the phenomenon of atmospheric lightning, it is clear that we are not doing random guessing and daring. In addition, an interesting local oral tradition says that the village of Beverone was, once on the summit of the mountain, near the church. Subsequently, following a disaster, the village would slipped further downstream, stopping where we find him now.

think we can say without exaggeration that this brief is the legend "litmus test" our hypothesis and is, for the natives, an unconscious awareness of its past.

In addition to confirming our assumptions, the brief legend gives us an important clue to the summit of the settlement on grounds of abandonment. The "catastrophe" of which you speak, Indeed, perhaps linked to the frequent lightning that strike the mountain, may have wiped out the village in ancient times and, probably, have caused the population to move lower, more sheltered side of Beverone in order to avoid further disasters. After all, is what has happened, albeit in different terms, in the seventh and eighth centuries, all along the Ligurian coast: after the passage of the hordes of Rotari, the survivors of the massacre they moved slowly toward the coast, where they thought to be more New safe from barbarian invasions.

is quite plausible, then, that the summit of Mount Beverone has hosted, in prehistoric times, a settlement with castellaro (and, perhaps, cemeteries), which, several centuries after the abandonment, has been employed by the Roman army and turned into a military garrison. Following the abandonment of the site, even by Latin, the nascent Christianity would become a place of faith, exorcising what was first though, perhaps, not forsaking the burial in mass graves, probably ancient custom.

In addition, consider that Beverone located near the ancient path, descending from the Pass of Casoni, heads toward the Gulf of La Spezia and then crossing firstly Stadomelli Beverley.

This last resort seems very tied to Beverone, so that, originally, both were called by the name Beverley, who was descended from the Latin verb bibere , which usually indicates a watering place for livestock or by BEDUM / bevum , frequent hydronyms root meaning "abundance of water."

Of course the water must have been the cause of homonymy between the two settlements, because if Beverley is located in the vicinity of Vara, in a little valley full of springs, Beverone, balding on top of its mountain and rather dry, probably has never seen a real abundance of water.

may be that the two villages were linked by a common origin, being one of the other foot, perhaps as a town and religious center and / or funeral in the same community that he would, therefore, attended both. In

About Beverley, recently
Prof. Enrico Calzolari, known supporter of archaeoastronomy Ligurian and author of major discoveries in this field, studied the solar arrays of single windows at the base of early Christian chapel of St. Cyprian of Beverley, in comparison to those of the site of San Lorenzo al archaeoastronomical Caprione, unfortunately without drawing results.

The three lancet windows, oriented north / west / south, have degrees of orientation than those at San Lorenzo and frame Caprione solar azimuth different. However, though perhaps there are links between St. Cyprian and Beverone, the lancet oriented north, the only one that does not correspond to a solar azimuth, is oriented towards the mountain exactly Beverone, a difference of just over 10 " distributed over four kilometers as the crow flies.

What

San Cipriano at Beverley and Mt Beverone were somehow connected to each other? that there was some function, perhaps religious, which connects the two sites? Perhaps a study of the church archaeoastronomical St. John's Beverone answer this question. As for San Cipriano, however, further studies are impossible because of the buildings that were, in time, around the chapel, which does not allow single windows to frame the sun is not high on the horizon when it is already. Perhaps

Mount Olympus Beverone is the Val di Vara, a place "unattainable" in which ancient people placed their gods, where men strong and tenacious established their residence in an inaccessible place, often suppressed by low clouds and targeted by flashes constantly whipped by the winds. Perhaps these men were gods themselves, in a golden age in which the human race was more powerful and perhaps more inclined to happiness.

Beverone, The parish church of St John the Beheaded

The average Vara Valley view from Mount Beverone

Monte Beverone - plain old summit

Beverone - the steep path to the church

Mount & Blade Artwork

ancient places of worship in Liguria 6

On the way to Beverone: Our Lady of the Olive

The ancient mule track, departing from the alluvial plain of Brugnato, climbs steeply up the mountain Beverone "roof" of the middle and lower Val di Vara, was a safe route of importance in the past. It was, in fact, the fastest route linking the territory of Zignago and the junction, probably located at the bed of the Vara, which allowed to choose whether to continue south to the sea or turn on the road in the direction of the Lunigiana romea or Genoa. This already when still Brugnato there and the river had filled the valley of debris until it becomes a fertile plain that we know today.

Just two miles from Brugnato on this ancient route, now fallen into disuse, there is a small shrine, the story is built by the monks of the nearby monastery of St. Columba to officiate at functions during the restoration of their church.

This is the "Madonna of the Olive," oratory of stone plastered with a single nave, with no frills or decorations worthy of note. Again, the legend says that a square wood depicting the Madonna and child was found in the branches of an olive tree, and since the events considered miraculous, had been built the chapel.

addition to the usual formula of the story which appeared in this case, we have only the nucleus, we find that the sanctuary is located, as all the others described above, near a line of communication important, so is the highly likely that it was a sacred place to the Gentiles, which was converted .

In fact, the story of the monks who build in place of their oratory, closed for renovation, is not very credible. The convent, in fact, as close, however, is four kilometers away, on the other side of the valley and it is highly unlikely that the monks have chosen a site is not easy to reach either for construction or for attendance.

is more likely, however, that Our Lady of the Olive has been erected on the place where travelers Gentiles, who followed the road to Zignago, stopping to worship an idol or agricultural nature, perhaps linked precisely to the olive (as Shrine of the Rover), like a majestic contemporary, in a particularly difficult path, protecting the pilgrims and encourages him to continue.

The olive tree is one of many pre-Christian symbol that Christianity has made and its not surprising that the Virgin just choose this tree for her appearance.

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Ancient places of worship in Liguria 5

Cassana: castellaro, church and caves

Cassana's territory, on which are spread among eight villages, named after the homonymous river, which flows from Mount Bardellone, a few meters below the pass and winds in a valley deep and green, to its confluence with the Rio Redarena which then flows into the Vara.

On top of a mountain in the middle of the ancient path Levanto / Borghetto Vara which we have already spoken, is the core of the country, consisting of Corneto fractions, The Meadow, The Street and Church. This last fraction arouses our interest, because if the village have developed only in the tenth century, the Church has a more ancient origin, can be placed in the last phase of Roman (III / V century).

The present parish church of San Michele, which gives its name to the locality, in fact, was built in the sixteenth century on the basis of an earlier Romanesque building defensive. What is now the bell tower was once the quadrangular tower of the fortification walls and the imposing walls of the ancient church were likely to defend a military settlement relatively stable.

In fact, the position of the fortress is relevant to a military control of territory and the road network, because it is dominating the main road from the sea to the mountains above, in addition to the mule of the surrounding valleys, including the director of EO, from the Gulf of La Spezia to Genoa.

However, the castrum Romania is not the first settlement in the area. In the north-west of the village of Corneto, in fact, is the mountain Castellaro along a mule track that leads to the mouth of Bardellone. The name "Castellaro, as noted earlier, is almost always synonymous with a prehistoric settlement fort, whose remains were actually found on this summit.

They are major terraced stone walls, similar to those found in many other sites of the same type. This prehistoric castellaro controlled, most likely, the old path near which rises, as it did the Roman forts at different times.

Human settlement in this valley is certainly very ancient, intricate system of karst formations that characterize the valley, some scholars have suggested, so far without evidence, attendance of a 'homo neanderthalensis .

Just close the mouth of one of these cavities, called "Resciadora" (vent), located on the side of the road to Pignone, could be linked to an ancient nature worship. This anomalous

karst phenomenon occurs, in fact, like a narrow tunnel with two openings: one posed above, in the undergrowth, is a dangerous sinkhole about three feet in diameter, while those at street level is a singular rock crevice from which According to legend, a cold wind blows in summer and in winter, water flows clear and cold. The cold wind would come even from the sea, pulling in coastal opening, it would be channeled to flow from karst caves in Cassana.

Indeed, a quick inspection, one realizes how the law is, again, closer to reality. The air breather incessant blows, in fact, is very cold even in August and the trickle of pure water that flows appear to increase the flow in the rainy seasons. The Resciadora also is part of the underground cave Ossifera, where natural cavities in 1824, Professor Paul Elders of Pisa unearthed large quantities of bones of various animal species.

On this site many legends that haunt the house you see evil and devils, instead of those evil processions of light that are so frequent in the oral tradition of Liguria.

In fact, it is possible to envisage attending a sacred site just starting with these little legends.

Fairies and devils, in fact, as beings of 'another world , are in close contact with the dead and their function in the traditional fable, it is precisely that of intermediaries between two worlds. In addition, the procession of lights which was mentioned first is a demonstration that the dead, in fact, put in place in the realm of the living. In all the stories that bring these processions, also called "Menada", they are always in close contact with the afterlife. Participants in this blasphemous rituals are often described as ghosts, dead, dead men's bones, flames (ie wisps), or witches. The witches in European popular culture, they are surely the remnant of an ancient imagery, which refers to characters powers with "magic" type of shamanic and, therefore, also related to the world of the dead (1).

The fact that the legends around the flowering Resciadora, then, are all centered on mythical figures who have always something to do with the world of the dead, can only suggest the possibility that this place so charming, that joins two Leitmotive sacredness of prehistoric cave and the spring, had somehow to do with funeral practices. The cave, in fact, is the significant burial place of choice for ancient Ligurian people, as we show, for example, the burial sites of the Balzi Rossi (IM), Arene Candide (SV), Equi Terme (MS) and so on.

This could also justify the obvious intent of the legends exhortation not to get too close to a populated place to be evil and supernatural, as the unconscious memory of a site may be important for the pagan religion, considered "wicked" and therefore forbidden to Christians .

This is just a guess, sure, but maybe not so far from reality. The clues are there.

Also, do not forget that the name "Cassana", as mentioned above, probably derives from the Celtic word cassanus , pointing to the oak tree sacred to the Celtic / Liguria and, perhaps, this valley was located in a forest consecrated, so the generic term would be become, little by little, a place name.

Notes:

(1) Carlo Ginzburg, History night, Torino, Einaudi, 1995

Trail Bardellone-Cassana: medieval bridge

Cassana, inside the cave Resciadora

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Ancient places of worship in Liguria 4

Mount Bardellone, its valleys and its ancient routes

that Mount Bardellone

there is not very clear what : a feeling, a

Certainly if you happen on a humid day, with the bark of trees of black

Then all of a sudden, it ends. It comes out of the cloud and returns to the earthly dimension.

also to go on a day of bright sun,

not hard to imagine, then, because the Bardellone has been in prehistory, history, and to this day is a place full of charm and mystery.

The area indicated by the name "Bardellone" - which derives from the Celtic root / Ligurian bar, with the meaning of "fortified place" - is, in fact, very large, as including the entire mountain, the shape of plateau and the valleys formed by the first section of the streams that come from it.

is now common opinion of many scholars that the mountain Bardellone has been the cradle of civilization in respect of the Ligurian territory of the Val di Vara media and a large stretch of coastline between Bonassola and Monterosso.

Its geographic position is crucial because, arranged like an amphitheater, concave towards the sea, is the natural starting point to trace back from the Bay of Levanto towards the hinterland, is a watershed between the coast and inland valleys and allows, thanks to its broad ridge, the convenient connection of paths from the valleys to the main NS road.

For these reasons, from prehistory to the First World War, the Bardellone has seen a man diligent attendance, although no temporal continuity.

The first settlement probably dates to the Bronze Age, and the few artifacts found, it must have been mainly construction funeral, so it is possible to envisage an initial use of the summit as a necropolis or otherwise linked to the death or worship of the dead. The first finding

officially registered, in fact, was in 1921 in the locality Campodonico, a splendid tomb stone box roughly cubic in shape, made of six layers of shale and stone urns containing two bowls with cover, another a small bowl and olla, all-ceramic, as well as a fibula, a spiral and a bronze dagger.

The tomb, however, is not the only one found in the area. Several findings are not approved, in fact, mentioned in the oral memory, especially in the area surrounding the village of Albereto.

Albereto was an important center of ancient man-made, and expanded trade, until his tragic destruction by the Lombard king Rotari, in 643. He, followed by his fierce army, and traveled the entire Liguria, along the old road halfway up the Cinque Terre, plundered and destroyed every village on his way to Genoa, who won in a short time.

Albereto Maybe it was really a budget with prehistoric Necropolis, perhaps connected with the settlement of the summit Castellaro Bardellone. The artifacts found at the top of the mountain, about 650 meters above sea level, are in fact related to an important prehistoric fortification. In Val

Marveia (a name impossible not to immediately associate the Vallée des Merveilles del Colle di Tenda), a a couple of kilometers to the east of the summit of Bardellone, were found rock carvings and oral memory really want this valley great human center of antiquity. The legends, in fact, speak of a settlement with its necropolis in the mountains opposite the village of Casale, beyond the river of the same name, just where is Val Marveia. Counting

that the density of residential areas in prehistoric Ligurian area was not high, there is a good chance that the oral tradition and archaeological findings coincide placing, and then, on top of Bardellone, a large human population installation (Albereto) defensive (Castellaro) and burial (Val Marveia).

This hypothesis is plausible, especially if you consider the topography of the area: the summit of a mountain overlooking the sea and the hinterland, an important route through which it passes (perhaps already commercial), rich in springs, just as pasture for livestock with the presence of karst cavities in large numbers (fixed and / or burial). It would seem an ideal place for an appropriation and the ruins of castellaro Albereto and demonstration of this.

What is still lacking in the practical demonstration is the necropolis. The oral memory speaks and has no reason to lie.

Legend of a hole discovered by lumberjacks and chestnut trees uprooted in Val Marveia, which turned out to be an underground maze filled 'tombs and strange objects. " The story, probably not very old, no special aura of mystery. Seems pretty straightforward and it is easy for us to imagine that these woodcutters, face to face with prehistoric burials, define the frills funeral "strange things". We think of the burial of the Arene Candide (SV): If you had seen the same woodcutters, in a dark basement, anxious and scared, jaws rate, tiny shells pierced, weird decorated vases, polished antlers, blades of chipped stone and bone scattered purple, what would they think? How could they call them? "Strange Things" is not a description very scientific but you get the idea.

Probably, the legend is not so fanciful. Probably, the facts are described more or less as they happened.

Locate the discovery, however, is impossible. Loggers, in fact, they say overcome by fear, obstructed access to the underground again and pledged not to reveal it to anyone.

This is perhaps the small nucleus of the fairy-tale story, with obvious intent to deter the curious who wanted to get on the trail of the necropolis. Rightly known as the Horse, the inhabitants do not like to be so much publicity.

Bardellone the fact is that, many centuries later, in mediaeval times, hosted a defensive castle and a small town: it is Celasco.

Obviously there is a clear discontinuity between the two acquaintances of the site may, however, may be covered whereas the town of Albereto.

The budget may have been prehistoric probably abandoned at the end of the Iron Age, while the first attendance of the castrum Celasco dates back to the eleventh century.

In this gap of over a thousand years, however, human presence on the mountain has always been strong. The village of Albereto fact, there were many families with the social structure of agriculture, who cultivated the fertile fields around the top of Bardellone, flattened using artificial emplaced by the primitive inhabitants of the place.

Lombard Even after the devastation of the town, the few survivors - who later founded Monterosso - continued to go to those places to use land, resulting from human activity on the mountain some continuum. Even today, the fields are cultivated by some townspeople from Monterosso, arose several stone houses and the village of Albereto has gradually repopulated, although one can not speak for the village itself, the absence of a significant urban area. There is not never been a church, apparently.

Sometimes, however, appearances can be deceiving. Tradition will, in fact, that near Albereto at one time there was a large church. This building was replaced in the Christian era, a pagan temple would house treasures and important and noble burials. The "Valley of the Church" today is a bush difficult and impractical for which they have never done adequate research, and yet, somewhere hidden from thorns, the ruins of an ancient temple waiting to be discovered.

Sure, you can not base a search on this oral source, however meager, given the name of the place and frequency of similar shrines in the area, it might seem sensible to try to collect more information. The

Bardellone dominates a large surrounding area of \u200b\u200bmountains with its shrines and is, as already mentioned, the bottleneck of the funnel of the many routes from inland villages, leading to the sea. It is possible, therefore, that the church of which it is told so pompously to Albereto was the result of the usual Christian conversion of a pagan shrine that is credible if the great religious influence on the ancient Celtic Ligurian may have been the central temple ( Perhaps the famous mezu nemunuius which it is assumed) in the area, which is controlled by the religious power of the other smaller local shrines.

For now, the oral memory does not seem to help ourselves and more, however, the archaeological evidence are inaccessible, as the valley that holds. " something " , no one can question that. ' intuition, a ' energy. Perhaps ' air is different. ' water, some low cloud is easily arenerà the peaks, creating a striking vision of the magical flavor. If it happens, then, to walk the narrow road that winds along the ridge just during the " stop " of a cloud, suddenly you find yourself immersed in a strange dream about it all becomes black and white and looking down among the dead pine trees, where there should be the sea, c ' is only a milky abyss from which just filters the sunlight. The visibility reduced to twenty feet, and hides the curves of the road, as they continue, it will seem to be immersed in the ethereal substance from the slight smell of ' water. There ' is none. A natural silence. You look around and wonder: " are still in the world of the living? " ' effect is always amazing. Looking at the peaks, the incredibly lush green forest that gives a breath of ideas and purifies the above, the sky is deep space the ' imagination. Looking down, however, overlooking the woods, valleys carved by copious streams, scattered villages and the silvery glow of the sea fortify the eye, which is enchanted.

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Review: "The aqueduct of Genoa"

Luciano Rosselli, Aqueduct of Genoa, 2009, Nuova Editrice Genovese

many Genoese know where it comes from the water that flows from their taps? Those who realize how much talent it took to design the water supply system of the city? How many know the story? Surely

Luciano Rosselli knows very well.

But knowing is not enough, we must also know how to describe and explain the technical aspects, showing the projects and the remains, leaving space and why not - even at that feeling of nostalgia for the good things of the past, which features the highly popular culture Genoa. Again, this certainly does not lack Rosselli.

"The Aqueduct of Genoa is the unique record of a search titan, is made between the dust of the archives, including many documents of the past, both on the field, covering every single meter of the ancient aqueduct Valley Bisagno, to discover the secrets of the specific features and beauty. The documentation is very thorough and complete, and there is no aspect of the aqueduct that is not touched: it starts from the history, architecture and switching hydraulic technique, to reach all'escursionistica.

Through the rich photographic color, you can appreciate the many architectural virtuosity that were used, since the seventeenth century, to improve the structure of the aqueduct, which was first built, Roman dates back to the first century BC Among

canal-, siphon-bridges, tunnels and cobbled paths, the author delves into the innermost loop of hydraulic lines, tracking with an expert eye to the succession of tracks over time, comparing them with the documents projects that preserve historical and non-produced, explaining the operation of the equipment and the telling human stories that relate to this incredible work.

And, as always, Genoa surprising, fascinating, surprising. Because the solutions adopted for this aqueduct are something unique, a typically Genoese ingeniously of Genoa. And Rosselli, camera strap, explores the infrastructure, even the most inaccessible, like a new Indiana Jones, to restore the image and allow even the less adventurous to observe and understand the work of man.

interesting is the technical and historical maps, complete with references and tables that have the power to set out clearly in the data memory. Really very welcome addition, the complete hiking guide, which features excellent references for a pleasant and scenic walks in the name of urban history. Complemented by a very complete chronological table that summarizes the last thousand years (!) History of the aqueduct.

The book presents in a form publishing very accurate and correct, both from the formal point of view from that of consultability, that you fully enjoy the pictures thanks to an excellent layout and generous size. The book is written in a competent but not pedantic, but technically smooth and exciting, with a spirit at the same time serious research and urban adventure, and can undoubtedly be counted among the best volumes of industrial architecture currently in circulation, no fan History Genovese Ligurian or ought to exhibit in their library.

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Review: "They left all"

John Merian, are all gone, 2010, SAGEP

Meriana John tells us the stories that no one tells. It speaks of the villages of the Apennines and their stories of isolation, loneliness and rural tradition. Places to which all fled, those who after the first, to "see the world", to "make a fortune." The depopulation of the valleys of Liguria, which affected the entire first half of the twentieth century, has weakened the economy and the environment mount, also doing some victim. The name of one of these victims is Reneusi, the most deprived and isolated village of the Apennines Genovese, of which there Meriana illustrates the daily life, with the familiarity and emotion of those who lived, albeit in the distant childhood. It is not only a record of material culture, but it's a little poetic compendium of humanity, which can not help but make a little 'heart, if only for the fact that this past, which takes color fictionalized here, although never to distance oneself from life, is still very close.

There is no official history for Reneusi for Cerisola and all other villages, like flies, undermining the coastal cool of the mountains. Then, based on the limited information available, Meriana creates a story without presumption, with the simplicity of people who want to restore to humanity left corner of the world, who wants to give voice to those who now no longer breath.

History Reneusi and tragedy that marked the end, like that of Cerisola and its anime, along with all the stories in the book is made up, excited as small events, events that never had the resonance outside their small area. Short flash , notes of micro, anthropology, heritage and a pinch of political criticism that return a multi-faceted vision and moving to the rapid passage of time and things that remain and that dissolve in that strange and jagged landscape that we call Liguria.

This book is not just a collection of fiction, but like others of the same genre released in recent years, is a small resource liguricità written with the talent of the narrator and the attention of the scholar.

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Ancient places of worship in Liguria 3

Marian Shrine Roverano at Carrodano

This is one of the oldest shrines in eastern Liguria, founded in 1350, with a story that is more than anything else, legend.

This story follows a narrative pattern used very often in the stories Marian apparitions, which means we will examine later.

On 7 September of a year unknown (some say between 1350 and 1352), two shepherds, one deaf and dumb from birth, were resting under an olive tree on Mount Roverano, not far from the small village of the needle.

Suddenly, they appeared a beautiful lady dressed in blue, of course, Madonna, addressing the silent girl, invited her to go and call the pastor of The Needle and bring him before him. Needless to say, the shepherdess miraculously acquired voice heard and went to call the pastor who saw, with half the population of the village, eagerly to see the Virgin. But the beautiful lady was already gone.

from an olive tree, however, hung a painting of the Madonna and Child. The pastor decided to take him to the rectory to fix it, then in the village church, but the next morning, the painting was no longer where she had left and only after a long search, was found on Mount Roverano, attached to the same olive day before.

was clear, then, that was in that place that the Virgin wanted to be worshiped and was immediately erected a chapel which was later extended several times until the current provision of 1875 (1).

But there is another miracle that, contrary to the article, is repeated every year, just 7 / 8 September, during the celebrations involving the inhabitants of The Needle and Time: The great flowering of olive trees.

is said, in fact, that the olive trees surrounding the shrine miraculous flowers during the procession which is completely out of season.

This tradition is very significant because it allows us to make a guess of interpretation of the entire legend.

First, the anniversary falls on the article 7 / 8 September (as the procession to Mount Dragnone), given that, according to the Gregorian calendar corresponds to the Nativity of Mary and, according to the custom of agriculture, marks the end of summer and crops.

It is quite likely, as we noted earlier, that the Catholic Church has superimposed on Marian devotion to pagan festivals, so the celebration of the Nativity of Mary may have been scheduled for that date in its place a ritual event before, maybe type of agriculture.

The coincidence of this period with the end of the harvest, in fact, it seems a good clue in this regard. Agricultural similar festivals have been celebrated since the dawn of agriculture, which does not seem strange that the fourteenth century Ligurian have wanted Madonna as the tutelary deity of that particular moment when everything becomes more precarious, we go into winter and only the hard work of summer-autumn can ensure the sufficiency of food preserved in the cold months.

As mentioned for the other laws examined so far, this "Lady of Rover" may just be an adjustment of a Christian deity rural much older, a great mother of fertility, the personification of the earth itself, which was revered perhaps in an attempt to extend some time the abundance of the harvest or, more likely, as a good omen for the next spring when nature, reminiscent of the devotion of the men fall, was generous in giving its fruits.

In this context, seem to fit consistently the "bloom miracle "of the olive trees that could have been introduced long ago, initially as a kind of symbolic ritual.

not a real flower, but, perhaps, an event where the branches of some trees were decorated with floral representations. Or the flowers could be painted or marked on the body with natural colors, print, similar to pintaderas prehistoric.

This practice may have been intended to "thank" the earth as given, and "invited" to do the same next year, when he wakes up from sleep unproductive winter.

This tradition could easily be reached, not so distorted, up to us and subsequently linked to the cult of the Madonna.

Also, remember that the flower can be considered, generally, a solar symbol, and thus have more significance in the agricultural culture, as the sun is the conditio sine qua non growth of crops. Engravings depicting the edge of the solar floral forms were found in great quantities in all rock sites of Liguria.

Finally, we note how the flower is related by affinity to the butterfly, a symbol of the soul separated from the body and, therefore, the spirit of the deceased.

return to the shrine, however, we find that the name "Rover" is derived from the Latin robur , with the meaning of "strength" or "strength" but also "oak." The oak, the most popular type of oak, takes its name from this root.

You can then reconnect the upstream Roverano with nature worship, this time in terms of trees. The symbolism of the tree, which we discussed briefly above, is, in addition to axis of the world, that of identification with the man. The tree, like man, is made of a log carrier, attached to the ground with his feet / roots, which expands in three dimensions thanks to its branches, arms.

Mount Rover is a necessary step to reach the Passo del Bracco, and thus, by a line of communication is also important in ancient times. It is not unlikely that it was a place of worship of some importance that the devotion of the villagers and pre-Roman, difficult to eradicate, was "justified" by the appearance of the Madonna that would, in a sense, sacred and profane space it would yield, therefore, acceptable attendance.

is likely that the Ligurian today without even knowing it, are attending the spiritual places of antiquity, as did their fathers and grandfathers before them, in a continuity fluid which, while changing objects of veneration, follows a spontaneous drive to certain destinations, or a tradition so strong that fail to become extinct, despite the millennia.

Notes:

(1) FM Bussetti, G. Maura Costa, The Sanctuaries of Liguria, Genoa, AGIS, 1980; M. Gamba, Marian Apparitions, Udine, Edizioni Segno, 1999

The facade of the sanctuary after the recent restoration

The painting shows the Virgin and Child

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Ancient places of worship in Liguria

The ancient shrine on the summit of Mount Dragnone (Zignago)

Dragnone The mountain is a massive deep-sea, emerging from the valley of the river Gravegnola, left tributary of the Vara, rises up to reach 1011 meters in height.

is unique because of its perfect conical shape, whose sides are completely covered by pine trees except for some stretches, the largest of them to the north, who have been subject, since time immemorial, to a continuous erosion that has caused major landslides.

crumbling walls appear to be an unusual gray-green, washed since the land has left open a thick layer of coils that are more resistant but still, surely, slipping into the valley.

the foot of the mountain is the village of Pieve, which branches off the only road - dirt road - to reach the top. From the top you can enjoy an impressive view: to the east, the mouth of the Magra, Mount Caprione and the Gulf of Spezia, to the south, the entire ridge of the Cinque Terre and Val di Vara media; to west, the Passo del Bracco, the Val di Vara and, at times, the promontory of Portofino, to the north, near the watershed between the Val di Vara and Val di Magra, the Zerasca, Passo Due Santi and Pontremoli.

A hundred yards from the north side of the mountain is Dragnone Castellaro of which, starting from the name, we can guess the old function. Recently, in fact, archaeological excavations on the summit of this mountain (subject to rapid erosion), brought to light an important settlement of the Bronze Final Anthropic, as well as successive layers, until the High Middle Ages (1). The peak of

Dragnone, occupied by a Marian shrine, was of archaeological interest which have indicated to those of contemporary human presence Castellaro.

findings, unfortunately, were in the secondary field, probably due to the excavation of land to build the foundations of the sanctuary, so it was not possible to make an efficient stratigraphy (2).

In any case, it was important to test the hypothesis, formulated some time ago, human activity on the mountain.

Our interest lies, in fact, the current ratio between these archaeological data and the existence of a Marian shrine with its traditions. The building

has suffered over time, various reconstructions, with the last in 1856, as evidenced by the inscription on the gateway, based on an existing building of the eighteenth century, itself built on a more ancient.

In this case, the oral tradition speaks of the apparitions, but gives a much more ancient rituals.

is the annual procession to the shrine of Our Lady of Dragnone which takes place today, September 8. One time, however, the event was not resolved in a simple procession: each participant, in fact, carrying a tree branch (some say turkey) that, during the climb, was planted in a pasture with all the others to form a circle in which, after putting in the afternoon, the faithful were gathered to eat and play together (3).

extremely important for our research is the presence of this circle made of tree branches, like a magic circle within which the community feels secure and it may be at leisure without fear. This symbolic ritual is certainly not part of traditional Christian background. It seems, however, a much older tradition from its origins, the result of a type of shamanic religious culture.

The figure of the sacred circle , in fact, is strongly linked to the character since shaman is the tool that allows both to get in touch with the divine, both to protect themselves from it. As part of the occult sciences, the circle represents an island protected, in which the magician can defend itself from the otherworldly power of what is evoked. In

strictly Celtic, tradition reports that a circle formed by a branch of a tree bent, served hero Cuchulainn to stop the onslaught of the enemy to his country (4).

Instead, speaking more generally of Celtic civilization / Liguria, we see how the circle is often represented in carvings and works megalithic. Circular shapes or shells, In fact, the large proportion of rock art corpus Liguria and, although the original provisions have been lost, the circle is a central symbol in many megalithic monuments Italians.

addition, the figure of the Druid, common to the Celts and Gauls, both "neighbors" of Liguria, is surely the result of a shamanistic culture from the ground and, in many ways, reflects the spiritual functions of the shaman himself.

The etymology of the word "druid", among others, seems to derive from the Saxon term dru wis , with the meaning of knowledge, in which the word wis indicates the tree or, more generally, wood .

It is highly likely, therefore, that the ritual that accompanied it, until after World War I, the procession to the summit of Dragnone was to pre-Roman origin, probably of Celtic, so important for the people of Liguria in the past that although Christianity is managed to survive until the third millennium.

We can assume, therefore, a very ancient place of worship on Mount Dragnone, perhaps linked to the prehistoric worship of the peaks .

of this cult has been discussed extensively over the past fifty years and the hypothesis appears to have consolidated, given the geographical density of testimony throughout the state of Liguria, which was in antiquity.

To strengthen the hypothesis in this sense for Dragnone, the finds at the top, not far from the shrine, votive artifacts are due to (5), evident traces of an ancient association of the mountain to a deity.

In Liguria, as mentioned above, many peaks were subjected to worship, starting from prehistory (6) and the entire Apennine chain owes its name to Pen, the Celtic god / Ligurian peaks, hypotheses based on the name " nib on Alp "Peutingeriana paper.

In this sense, we support an ancient legend that tells of an age in which the distant and Dragnone Castellaro were not divided as now but united, and together with another mountain nearby (currently in the municipality of Zeri), formed a single mass called Monte Fiorito. The men lived on this mountain meadows with characteristic ever-blooming, carefree, in a sort of golden age when there were no suffering, inequality, disease, etc..

This earthly paradise eventually work of the devil (of course, introduced after the Christianization of the Act), in an apocalypse orogeny, divided with a paw Mount Fiorito and reduced as we know it today.

Legend, taste a fairy tale, tells us two important data: the first is the sacredness of the mountain, connected heavenly well-being and the intrinsic immortality inherent in the concept of universal golden age. A sacredness that already shows us how ancient legend.

The second is the human settlement on the mountain. History tells us, in fact, that men lived on this mountain. This reference may result from latent consciousness that the place was old and once home of people who subsequently founded the residential areas below. These data encourage us in the event of a prehistoric settlement on the summit Dragnone that if it was not a living character, he could at least be religious in nature or in some way sacred.

In this case, unfortunately, the place names there is no help because the meaning of the name "Dragnone", probably of Celtic origin, is currently unknown, while the name "horn", the ancient name by which the area was called, arises from the non-Indo-European root- Karr, with the meaning of hardness or strength, which is not particularly affect our research.

Despite this, and thanks to the above, it can however be considered with some confidence that the Dragnone was, for the Liguria, an important point of spiritual reference. Not by chance, not far from the mountain was found the famous statue-stele No. 1, of which we discussed in the Introduction of this book.

It has been suggested that this stele was originally belongs to group A (III / II millennium BC) but has been altered in more recent times, so much so that scholars associate with the
group C (Iron Age) (7).

In particular, the inscription in Etruscan characters carved on the left side of the stele is considered, in order of time, the last vestige of man working on the monument, possibly dating to the fourth / third century BC.

On this inscription, which in Latin we can report as "mezunemunius" were made several assumptions, many of them quite imaginative, we could not give a true and final interpretation.

The only accredited hypothesis, to date, argues that, beyond the interpretation of the writing, it is a transcription of words in Etruscan characters belonging to the Ligurian language, which we know little or nothing.

Some scholars have considered the possibility that the stone may have been reused as a stone entrance to the sacred forest of Mount Dragnone but, also fascinating supposition, could not have, for now, some archaeological evidence.

fact is that the top of Dragnone, venerated today in the name of the Virgin Mary has been venerated since ancient times, perhaps in relation to the pagan gods exported or transferred from the Celtic world. The names of these deities have been lost but what is left, the rituals of the sacred circle and archaeological remains, give us important evidence of their existence and launch, once again, to us in this, a message of knowledge that has survived through the centuries to a mysterious, distant past.

Notes:
(1) AA.VV., Zignago 1: settlements and land , Genova, CLSCM, 1977 (2) Idem
(3) C. Gabrielli Rosi, Legends and places of fear between Liguria and Tuscany, Florence, Pacini Editore, 1991 (4) J. Chevalier, A. Gheerbrant, Dictionary of Symbols, Milano, Rizzoli Editore, 2006 (5) Source: Archaeological Superintendence of Liguria (6) M. Giuliani (1964), Monte Burello Ligurian and the cult of the peaks , in historical archives for the provinces of Parma, Series IV, No XVI, pp.39-47 (7) AC Ambrosi, Corpus stele-statues of Lunigiana , Borfighera, Ist Int. of Ligurian Studies, 1972

Monte Dragnone seen Beverone

Dragnone Monte and Monte Castellaro. At the bottom of the Gruzza Vezzanelli

The Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Dragnone seen Castellaro (foreground)

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two routes: the ' Former railroad routes Levanto-Bonassola

Levanto After a route in the Middle Ages, we have proposed in previous posts, we suggest to the curious tourist and attentive to this short and pleasant walk that, by tracing the historical route of the former railway, leading from Levanto Bonassola. The start is in

Vallesanta location, not far from the main car park of the town, at the former station, now the seat of civil protection. Here, in the far west of the Bay of Levanto, just above the beach, is the first gallery, which is reached by a modern urban intervention, the so-called waterfront ; building which, being inserted overall size of the former roadbed station, offers a promenade with benches and fragrant flower beds, along with other real estate projects of dubious value. We

start by saying that the railway route in question is part of the wider route Sestri Levante-Monterosso, because of management problems linked to the extreme proximity to the sea was closed to rail traffic in the early '70s, replaced by ' current system, most modern and interior to the coast. The creation of this is as far back as the 60 800 and was officially inaugurated in 1874. The work is huge, if we think at the time when it was made and today, almost a hundred and fifty years from creation, is preserved almost intact. The galleries in this case were dug entirely by hand, with only use of explosives and the extracted material was milled locally and used for the installation of all necessary building structures.

The walk from Levanto to Bonassola, absolutely prohibited to motor vehicles and dedicated to pedestrians and cyclists, was inaugurated in March this year, after a couple of years of work of consolidation and safety of some parties. This is a truly excellent job, considering that in some places erosion had been such as to totally destroy the road. The dropped points were reconstructed with expertise, consolidated walls, tunnels reinforced where necessary, made safe and lit and, where the route is open, was installed in a sturdy metal railings.

The route, approximately 3 km long, passes through the coils of the cliff and Levanto sunny alternate sections in the open, where you can enjoy the beauty of an almost untouched part of the coast that has never known mass tourism, sometimes too long in the tunnel.

Vallesanta The first gallery, very quick, makes you an idea of \u200b\u200bthe remarkable nineteenth-century architecture that will accompany the entire route, with arches made of local stone and brick in a workmanlike manner. Before entering to the right of the gallery, there is a crossing keeper, now a private residence. After the second tunnel, a large outdoor section, bordered by the wall of the rail, can breathe a breath of sea air and enjoy the warmth of the sun. On the left, a beach frequented by backpackers in the fall offers a pleasant surf. Below the water, numerous caves and ravines open, revealing to those who love diving a colorful and amazing biodiversity.

The third tunnel is short and leads, after a few tens of meters from the entrance to an artificial opening connected to the next tunnel, covered with a very unique time in brick and supported by the high ridge, which was cleverly reinforced to maintain its appearance. This is a point where the ridge meets the sea, by the strength of its waves salted, had seriously affected the strength. At this point you can admire the impressive virtuosity builders that make this railway line, most notably the shoulders of sandstone above the time, the mouths of the two tunnels and access to a lineup, now lost but which existed until a few years ago, to access above the ceiling, so steep that it seemed to defy gravity. In addition, you can admire the architectural details of the tunnels, the use of two different materials, the blocks of coil up to two meters off the ground and then the bricks for the vault and the many niches of service for maintenance technicians. Here and there you see some railway signals made with black and white tiles and other bearing a number. At exactly half the time of the galleries, you may notice the black stripe left by the soot from the steam locomotives, which first crossed the railway. Continuing

, take the fourth tunnel, rather long, coming in sight of the resort "The Francesca" Bonassola. This was the most seriously damaged. Until the restructuring, in fact, the road had been completely eroded by the sea for several meters el'imboccatura the tunnel had collapsed. Now, however, the ridge was Fully restored, the waste water of the mountain above was channeled in two places and was created a wide open space. The tunnel entrance was rebuilt in concrete blocks covered with serpentine and was saved and restored (just outside) the box that was there. Although the interior is completely destroyed, you can still see the seat of the fire, the ground floor and the chimney still blackened. Also note the ingenious architecture of a lineup that allowed the inspection of the high wall of the mountain, the true test of strength is the end of construction, since any substantial rain water exerts considerable pressure on it.

At this point we enter the fifth and final gallery, the longest, which leads directly to Bonassola. This tunnel curves slightly inward, so halfway you can not see either the entry or exit, as in all others. Lighting reassure them, and after passing a stretch where the gallery takes on a strange shape, reinforced with steel keys and subject to a heavy water infiltration, the time is growing, and doubled in a second exit in Bonassola offering the vision of its refreshing and tranquil bay, at the opposite end of this, the lovely church of Santa Rosalia.

On nearby rocks, a German bunker relic of the war. Right, still great arches of the ridge, rusty iron due to infiltration.

A relaxing, just right for all, including disabled people, which allows you to enjoy some stretches of coastline and little known to live again, at least in part, a fragment of recent history that certainly deserves to be deepened, perhaps even with some panel teaching to illustrate the little-known story of the first rail journeys in Liguria.

Levanto, the Waterfront

entrance of the first gallery

Interior of the third tunnel

An outdoor section

Opening time between two tunnels

Spallina sandstone and entry to the lineup now destroyed

The ballast completely rebuilt and the toll

tunnel entrance last

Bay Bonassola

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: Levanto

Levanto is a seaside town, everyone knows that. There are wide beaches, local hiking trails, a marina, where land and, in winter, even waves suitable for surfing. But what we propose here is not a conventional tourist route, suitable for all seasons and enjoyable by those who seek not only to roast in the sun or enjoy an ice cream, but whose curiosity leads them to search for hidden traces of the past .

Levanto Vinzoni in cartography (1773)

Levanto, these tracks are not so hidden, you just come off just by the seafront promenade, just above the bathrooms and restaurants. The medieval town with a rich and powerful, noble Genoese vassalage, emerges with fascinating architecture and picturesque locations, allowing the imagination to reconstruct a unique urban landscape and profoundly different from today.

We can start an interesting path climbing from the promenade area in the former Casino, via a short flight of steps between the houses, the castle built in the second half of the thirteenth century, on a property that had been Malaspina as a defensive bulwark of the gulf Levanto. The castle, although they have not undergone renovations recently, is very well preserved and shows all its magnificence. Unfortunately, being a privately owned, the interior is not open, but it's still enjoyable views of the Bay of Peter and the hinterland, with the bell tower of St Andrew's Church which stands on rooftops and in gardens. Not far away, following the signs, you can take a fascinating journey of the walls that defended the town. Descending from the mighty medieval walls along a stairway very scenic but, unfortunately, a bit 'degraded, you can take a bow on the left, after a few steps leads to the large square in front of the Gothic church of St. Andrew, whose beautiful facade of alternating bands of white marble and serpentine local has a magnificent rose window stained. The church, mentioned for the first time in the thirteenth century, but probably more ancient, perfectly preserved Gothic aesthetic of the Ligurian and holds a long series of valuable works of religious art on display inside, including the choir stalls of the sixteenth century A crucifix of the fifteenth century, and many paintings and frescoes from various periods. In front you can see some faces apotropaic anthropomorphic, which go back to an ancient pagan tradition which is shown throughout the eastern Liguria and Lunigiana.

Going down the stairs of the courtyard and along the road perpendicular to it briefly, we find ourselves in front of the beautiful loggia of the thirteenth century, protected by UNESCO and which has become a symbol of historical Levanto. This lodge was used in medieval times as a point of loading and unloading goods, in the context of the ancient trading port. In fact, almost until the sixteenth century, the stream Cantarana, which now flows under the roadway, was navigable, at least in the first leg. This allowed the creation of a specially protected river port, where vessels penetrated from the sea, which was for centuries the center of life of the town. To find some remains of the harbor so unusual, it is sufficient cross the street in front of the lodge, the one that was the seat of the fairway, and set out in the unique atmosphere of the streets where you can see many times in serpentinite, now walled in, that many a time to load into warehouses for the storage of goods.

The mind works not just to rebuild the unique image of this important trading center, replacing a placid green channel and the road and the square in front of the lodge, imagining the stores turned estuary of the river where there are now buildings, factories beaches and bars. The Cantarana today is a draining of mountain water, the scope of which certainly does not think of a navigable channel, although past the inflow had to be much greater when you consider that it was the debris carried downstream by the river to bury the port, making it unusable to the draft of the boats and, therefore, decreed its end. In fact, already in the map Vinzoni (second half of the eighteenth century), the mouth of the river is very far from the medieval port.

Returning to the square of the Lodge, take the alley stepped on the right, along which you can admire the ancient home of the Da Passano, an ally of the powerful Genovese family, which for a time he had dominion over Levanto. Of particular value, along with some strings in serpentinite of excellent workmanship, the portal stained well preserved, even when inserted in an architectural context creepy.

Continuing in this way, you come to the oratory of St. James, home of the brotherhood of the same name, and the church of Santa Maria della Costa currently under renovation. To the left of the latter, the route runs between the houses and briefly reunited with the most evocative of medieval walls. Here is the clock tower of circular cross section and a complement to defensive structure, then (presumably since the nineteenth century), rebuilt to house a large clock tower. Tower soars above the entire town, dominates and providing a reference point for those who work in the urban landscape. From here, the route of the wall, with battlements still well preserved, the only ones that have remained intact, goes back to the bed of Cantarana.

At this point, continue going up the stream. First you can see the beautiful thirteenth-century architecture of the new home of the Museum of Material Culture and the hostel "Hospitality of the Sea." The building has been renovated a few years ago by the town of Levanto, and is obviously built with the same criteria for all buildings in the river port, in an elegant green serpentine, to accommodate both warehouses, and spaces for human habitation.

Adjacent to this building, there is a lower stretch of the walls, represented by the Water Gate. Two towers on opposite sides of the river are connected by a walkway suspended fine workmanship. The left tower, looking north, has an opening to the campaign, the only gateway to the town has come down.

Moving from this port town along the right side of the river hydraulics, and passing through a pretty little medieval bridge. Following the path for a few hundred meters, through a typical creuza country, we reach the town of Prealbe that, in the Middle Ages, was probably the 'ager Levanto. The name, probably of Roman origin, may be related to the presence of some limestone rock formation or gessifera (petra dawn = white stone), which, however, there comes memory. Prealbe is an area with a strong agricultural tradition, which successfully cultivated the olive tree, which was pressed in the past that stands in the watermill on the river, which remains in view of the metal wheel. Continuing through the cultivated terraces, the trail climbs the heights of Masco and is connected with the CAI n ° 1, which leads to Monterosso.

way back from Prealbe towards the Water Gate, it is impossible not to notice an urban project still under construction, Prealbe Residence, which is very intrusive in the quiet and beautiful nature of the valley. There are three or four bad apartment buildings with underground parking, which occupy the area of \u200b\u200bformer railway shed, next to the tunnel that led to Monterosso. This is one of those interventions "building up the wild", which made heaven Levanto real estate speculators. Not only the complex is visually ugly, but it is also invasive and inappropriate, as part of an agricultural landscape and natural element more suited to an urban center, whose construction philosophy is only that of profit and capital movement. In addition, finding the complex two yards from the river, has also prevailed on a specific aquatic environment, not to mention archaeological remains that would be expected to find many in a deep excavation in this area, but which instead do not know anything. Finally, the initiative is absolutely useless, entering a market that is universally referred to as "saturated" to say the least.

In any case, coming into the urban context through the Water Gate, you can finish the walk with an ascent of the walls, but did not deny a look at this laundry at the camp, used by local housewives to the end of the year 60.

Taking the alley that runs along the walls, which in this stretch in all their grandeur, between slits and windows go up to the Castle, from where the journey had begun.

This trip is suitable for everyone, adults and children, simple and easy to reach, but reveals a little-known heritage, to which the mass tourism greatly prefer the beaches and noisy distractions of the summer.

be noted as very positive note, the presence of signs and information panels that illustrate different aspects of life in Levanto in the Middle Ages, from the dock to the walls, the Palace to pass.

If you prefer, you can visit other sites that belong to the middle ages of this city, as the former convent of Poor Clares, the current town hall, the convent of the Augustinian Fathers, on the Rossola slopes of the mountain, the ruins of the monastery of St. Anthony of Masco, one of the most beautiful scenic spots in the Cinque Terre.

Castle Levanto

seen from the castle walls

Church of Sant'Andrea

Sant'Andrea - the canopy

La Loggia

Archi old dock

The warehouses of the river port

The Clock Tower and the Oratory of San Giacomo

From Home pass - Stained portal

Old Dock - now the Museum of Material Culture

walls to Prealbe. The stream flows under the road Cantarana

The Water Gate

Ponte medieval Prealbe

obscene

The construction of the Residence Prealbe

The imposing walls of the alleys

parts of the walls incorporated in the civil defense

One of the signboards of the dock

Panorama of the old town of Levanto with the bell tower of St. Andrea